SATELLITE SCIENCE

Transforming Water
Intelligence from Space

Regulatory-grade freshwater monitoring powered by astrophysics, AI, and Sentinel-2 satellite data — delivering 2,000 data points per kilometre at a fraction of traditional costs.

R² = 0.89
Predictive Accuracy
2,000
Data Points / km
$33–$63
Per sq km
24,000
LAWA Calibration Points

New Zealand's Freshwater Crisis

New Zealand's freshwater systems face significant strain from agricultural runoff — nitrogen and phosphorus from a $12 billion dairy industry — alongside urbanisation and industrial discharge. Traditional water sampling is expensive, labour-intensive, and captures only isolated snapshots of water quality.

The National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management (NPS-FM 2020) now mandates strict nutrient limits, creating an urgent demand for high-density, catchment-wide monitoring that legacy methods simply cannot deliver.

Traditional Lab Sampling

$40–$150 per analyte, single-point measurements

Climate Events

Cyclone Gabrielle (2023) overwhelmed traditional sampling methods

Regulatory Pressure

NPS-FM 2020 imposes strict limits with fines up to $80,000

WATERSHOT Satellite Science v1.0

A Space-to-Water Intelligence platform that repurposes Sentinel-2 multispectral satellite data to monitor water quality across entire catchments — from rivers and lakes to coastlines and marine reserves.

Sentinel-2 Satellite Data

European Space Agency's multispectral imagers with 13 spectral bands, providing 10m² resolution and global coverage every 5 days.

Astrophysical Signal Processing

Matched Filtering techniques extract faint "optically inactive" signals from satellite reflectance — detecting what traditional remote sensing cannot.

24,000-Point LAWA Dataset

Proprietary calibration against New Zealand's largest freshwater monitoring archive ensures hyper-local accuracy and reduces false positives.

Machine Learning Models

Neural networks and deep learning achieve R² = 0.89 on independent test sets — a breakthrough for non-optically active parameters like nitrogen.

2,000 Data Points / km

Pinpoint contamination sources with precision — catchment-wide insights that replace single-point lab snapshots.

24-Hour Operational Tempo

Data analysed within 24 hours of satellite overflights, enabling rapid identification of water quality changes.

Comprehensive Water Quality Analytics

Nitrogen
R² = 0.89
E. coli
R² = 0.79
TSS
Suspended Solids
Turbidity
Clarity Index
Chlorophyll-a
Algal Blooms

Regulatory-Grade Precision

WATERSHOT doesn't replace the lab — it triages it. While a lab sample is a single point, satellite monitoring provides a comprehensive map that pinpoints plumes lab teams might otherwise miss entirely.

Our models prioritise confidence over volume. If atmospheric conditions are compromised beyond a 10% cloud threshold, the pixel is masked. We deliver high-confidence data or no data at all.

NPS-FM 2020 Nitrogen Thresholds
StateThresholdModel PrecisionImplication
Low≤ 0.44 mg/L± 0.12 mg/LReliably confirms compliance
Medium0.44 – 0.8 mg/L± 0.12 mg/LDetects approaching thresholds
High> 0.8 mg/L± 0.12 mg/LNon-compliance reliably detected
Independent Test
R² = 0.89  |  ± 0.12 mg/L
Dependent Test
R² = 0.95  |  ± 0.09 mg/L

10–100× More Data Per Dollar

Comprehensive catchment-wide analytics at a fraction of traditional lab costs — with labour savings of 30–80% on monitoring budgets.

AnalyteTraditional Lab Cost WATERSHOT Cost
E. coli / Coliform$80 – $130 / sample
Included
Total Nitrogen$40 – $70 / sample
Included
Harmful Algae$150 / sample
Included
Total per sq km$hundreds – $thousands
$33 – $63 / sq km
Labour Savings

Ground sampling labour accounts for 30–80% of monitoring budgets

Risk Mitigation

Near-real-time verification defends against fines of $35,000–$80,000

10–100× More Data

Per dollar spent versus traditional monitoring methods

Built for Every Stakeholder

Regional Councils

Gain actionable, defensible data to enforce NPS-FM 2020 limits and issue timely public warnings with full audit trails.

Farmers & Industry

Reduce non-compliance fines and optimise fertiliser use under Freshwater Farm Plans with continuous, evidence-based monitoring.

Iwi / Hapū

Tools to honour Te Mana o te Wai, protect mahinga kai, and monitor rohe with culturally informed, real-time data.

Global Markets

A scalable, software-driven model ready for water-stressed regions worldwide — with Australia and the EU as initial targets.

Why WATERSHOT

01
High Spatial Density

Up to 2,000 data points per kilometre — comprehensive catchment-wide averages rather than localised snapshots from traditional sampling.

02
Proprietary Data Moat

Calibrated against a 24,000-point historical archive from LAWA with hyper-local New Zealand freshwater profiles — ensuring nutrient-specific accuracy.

03
Nutrient-Specific Accuracy

Youden's J-Index of 0.88 for nitrogen — 97.1% specificity and 90.1% sensitivity for compliance actions. A breakthrough for "optically inactive" parameters.

04
Global Scalability

Purely software-based architecture enables deployment anywhere Sentinel-2 operates — no hardware, no on-site sensors, just intelligence from space.

05
Cultural & Regulatory Utility

Supports NPS-FM 2020 compliance and iwi-led environmental stewardship, with customisable Te Mana o te Wai indicators and iwi rohe boundary overlays.

06
Founder Expertise

Dual expertise in dairy farming and astrophysical signal processing — balancing scientific rigour with practical, on-the-ground usability.

Validated by Published Research

R² = 0.94
Nitrate (NO₃)
Sentinel-2 achieved statistical reliability of 0.94 for nitrate concentration monitoring.
R² = 0.80
Ammonia Nitrogen (NH₃)
Successfully demonstrated in river basins with RMSE of 0.0368 mg/L.
R² = 0.87
Nitrogen Retrieval
High predictive accuracy for optically complex waters using deep learning and large validation datasets.
R² = 0.79
E. coli Detection
Strong predictive capability using spectral indices from Sentinel-2 reflectance at key wavelengths.
R² = 0.85–0.93
Cyanobacteria
Detection using NDWI, NDVI, Toming's Index and Forel-Ule Index from Sentinel-2.

Machine Learning and Neural Network models consistently achieve higher prediction accuracy than empirical models — confirmed by meta-analysis of 66 published studies from 2001–2025.

Te Mana o te Wai

The growing recognition of Te Mana o te Wai — the intrinsic value of water — in resource management creates demand for solutions that support kaitiakitanga (stewardship) and enable iwi/hapū to monitor and protect their rohe.

WATERSHOT enables communities to monitor rohe in real-time, fulfilling co-governance obligations and supporting culturally informed resource management. The platform provides targeted mitigation insights — from riparian planting to nutrient reduction strategies — with auditable, high-resolution data.

Ecosystem Monitoring

Real-time tracking of nutrient dynamics across diverse aquatic ecosystems

Catchment-Wide Scale

Large-scale monitoring previously unfeasible with localised sampling methods

Targeted Interventions

Data-driven assessments enable precise mitigation and adaptive management

The Water Sentry — WATERSHOT v2.0

Overcoming Cloud Blindness with SAR Integration

The v2.0 roadmap resolves the "Cloud Curtain" problem — historically blinding optical sensors during the highest-risk runoff periods following storms.

The "DoubleShot" Approach

Coordinated constellation strategy capturing optical and SAR imagery minutes apart.

All-Weather Insight

SAR penetrates clouds and rain to map flood patterns and surface changes in near-real-time.

AI-Driven Gap Filling

Machine learning predicts water quality from SAR surface features when optical data is unavailable.

From Reactive to Predictive

WATERSHOT fusion of astrophysics, AI, and regulatory rigour transforms water management — delivering ecological integrity, economic savings, and risk mitigation. The platform's Sentinel-2 capabilities provide a robust foundation, while future SAR integration will redefine Total Catchment Awareness.

he wai tūtei — the water sentry